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Development of Indications for Endoscopic Spine Surgery: An Overview

Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) began more than 20 years ago as percutaneous endoscopic discectomy and has evolved to the present day. This technique offers many advantages, including a short hospital stay, minimal trauma and blood loss, the option of local or epidural anesthesia with sedation, a low rate of nosocomial infections, early recovery, and a quick return to work and daily activities. The success rate of this technique ranges from 83% to 90% in operated patients. This article aims to provide an overview of indications, versatility of the technique, advantages, contraindications and limitations, and also a reflection on the possible contraindications and limitations of the technique.

Fernanda Wirth et al. · 29/08/2023 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Perspectives of Endoscopic Spine Surgery in Athletes and Practitioners of Physical Activity

Spinal degenerative diseases are common in physical activity practitioners and even athletes and may require surgical intervention. A great training routine, especially at young ages may lead to raised chances of spine degeneration and back pain. However, endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) seems to be a viable alternative, especially in the case of athletes, as recovery time and time away from the play are much shorter than in open surgery. Open surgery requires longer hospitalization time, has higher rates of infection, and, consequently, longer recovery time. Athletes and practitioners of physical activity can benefit from ESS as it is a minimally invasive procedure, with less tissue damage and shorter recovery time, which in many cases has the same benefits as open procedures for spinal disorders, but often with a shorter return to play (RTP) time.

João Paulo Machado Bergamaschi et al. · 18/04/2023 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Extraforaminal Full-Endoscopic Approach for the Treatment of Lateral Compressive Diseases of the Lumbar Spine

Background: The authors conducted a 2-year retrospective follow-up to investigate the efficiency of an extraforaminal full-endoscopic approach with foraminoplasty used to treat lateral compressive diseases of the lumbar spine in 247 patients. Methods: The visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and MacNab scale were used to analyze the results collected during the preoperative and postoperative periods. Results: The most common diagnosis was disk herniation with lateral recess stenosis, and the most common surgical level among patients was between L4 and L5 on the left side. Pain decreased over time, as determined during sessions held to evaluate pain in the lumbar, gluteal, led, and foot regions. The ODI demonstrated significant enhancement over the evaluation period and the MacNab scale classified the surgery as good or excellent. The most common complication was dysesthesia. Conclusions: An extraforaminal full-endoscopic approach with foraminoplasty can be recommended in cases of lateral herniation or stenosis for patients with symptoms of radiculopathy, and for those who have not responded to conventional rehabilitation treatment or chronic pain management. Few complications arose as a result of this approach, and most of them were treated clinically.

João Paulo Machado Bergamaschi et al. · 28/02/2023 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Dural Injury Treatment with a Full-Endoscopic Transforaminal Approach: A Case Report and Description of Surgical Technique

The objective of this study was to describe a surgical technique that uses transforaminal full-endoscopic access, which is different from the existing protocol, and to demonstrate another method of dural tear repair during endoscopic spine surgery. Background. Endoscopic spine surgery was initially described for lumbar disc pathologies. Technical advances and new materials have made it possible to treat cervical and thoracic spinal degenerative disorders. These advances have also made it possible to treat surgical complications, notably dural tears with CSF fistulas. The literature indicates that the incidence of these injuries ranges from 1% to 17%. Materials and Methods. Descriptive technical note of innovative and improved endoscopic surgical procedure exemplified with illustrative clinical case and comparative literature review. Results. There is only one report describing a full-endoscopic suture technique for dural sac repair. The gold standard for treatment of the most significant nonpunctate lesions continues to be a conversion to open surgery for lesion closure. Conversion can be problematic because most surgeries are performed under sedation and local anesthesia. Conclusions. In this case report and the new endoscopic suture technique described here, we show that primary correction of dural tears through endoscopy is possible. In addition to representing a paradigm break in solving one of the main complications of these procedures, it can expand the possibilities of spine endoscopy.

João Paulo Machado Bergamaschi et al. · 15/03/2022 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Surgery for lumbar disc herniation open x minimally invasive technique

Objetivos: No Brasil, não há estudos que comparem o tratamento endoscópico de hérnia de disco lombar no SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde) com a técnica aberta convencional, no que diz respeito aos resultados com relação ao tempo de internação e complicações ocorridas em um ano, o que vem a ser o objetivo deste estudo. Métodos: Levantamento de 32 cirurgias realizadas em 2019 (11 por via aberta e 21 por via endoscópica) para avaliar os parâmetros de dor antes e depois da cirurgia (EVA), dias de internação e complicações. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA) com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Catorze pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 18 do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 41,35 anos (p > 0,05 para os dois sexos). A EVA de dor irradiada para o membro inferior no pré e pós-operatório foi semelhante entre os grupos: 8,5 ± 0,82 com a técnica aberta e 8,19 ± 1,15 com a técnica endoscópica. Em ambos os grupos houve melhora do padrão de dor com redução significativa da EVA (p < 0,05) e não houve relevância estatística entre os grupos quanto à melhora do dor. Na comparação das diárias de internação necessárias houve relevância estatística entre os grupos, sendo que o grupo submetido à endoscopia teve número menor de diárias. As complicações relatadas são compatíveis com as encontradas na literatura (disestesia pós-operatória, nova herniação). Conclusões: A técnica endoscópica resultou em redução importante do número de dias de internação, fator com alto impacto nos custos de qualquer procedimento cirúrgico, que pode ser determinante para viabilizar técnicas minimamente invasivas. Nível de evidência IV; Estudo Terapêutico.

Rangel Roberto de Assis et al. · 15/02/2021 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Full-Endoscopic Resection of Osteoid Osteoma in the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report

Common symptoms such as axial pain or nocturnal pain, associated with warning signs that are often worrisome in addition to nonspecific radiological findings, can characterize benign lesions in the spine, and osteoid osteoma is among them. We describe here a clinical case of a pediatric patient with an expansive bone lesion in the thoracic spine discovered after investigation for thoracic pain, mainly at night, which, despite a good response to simple analgesics, evolved in the short term with global spinal deformity. After a multidisciplinary evaluation, she underwent surgical resection using a pioneering endoscopic technique that allowed the definitive anatomopathological diagnosis of osteoid osteoma and guaranteeing very satisfactory treatment and evolution. Although there are already several therapeutic techniques described and with good results in specific cases of osteoid osteomas and other benign neoplastic lesions of the spine, full-endoscopic resection appears as an innovative and potentially promising option for diagnosis and treatment, especially since it is a safe, effective, and not too morbid intervention.

JOAO PAULO MACHADO BERGAMASCHI et al. · 18/01/2021 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Dysethesia due to irritation of the dorsal root ganglion following lumbar transforaminal endoscopy: Analysis of frequency and contributing factors

Background: New onset of acute dysethetic leg pain due to irritation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following uneventful recovery from an expertly executed lumbar transforaminal endoscopic decompression is a common problem. Its incidence and relation to any risk factors that could be mitigated preoperatively are not well understood. Methods: We performed a multicenter frequency analysis of DRG irritation dysesthesia in 451 patients who underwent lumbar transforaminal endoscopic decompression for herniated disc and foraminal stenosis. The 451 patients consisted of 250 men and 201 women with an average age of 55.77 ± 15.6 years. The average follow-up of 47.16 months. The primary clinical outcome measures were the modified Macnab criteria. Chi-square testing was employed to analyze statistically significant associations between increased dysesthesia rates, preoperative diagnosis, the surgical level(s), and surgeon technique. Results: At final follow-up, Excellent (183/451; 40.6 %) and Good (195/451; 43.2 %) Macnab outcomes were observed in the majority of patients (378/451; 83.8 %). The majority of study patients (354; 78.5 %) had an entirely uneventful postoperative recovery without any DRG irritation, but 21.5 % of patients were treated for it in the immediate postoperative recovery period with supportive care measures including activity modification, transforaminal epidural steroid injections, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, gabapentin, or pregabalin. There was no statistically significant difference in dysesthesia rates between lumbar levels from L1 to S1, or between single (DRG rate 21.8 %) or two-level (DRG rate 20.2 %) endoscopic decompression (p = 0.742). A statistically significantly higher incidence of postoperative dysesthesia was observed in patients who underwent decompression for foraminal stenosis (38/103; 27 %), and recurrent herniated disc (7/10; 41.2 %; p = 0.039). There were also statistically significant variations in dysesthesia rates between the seven participating clinical study sites ranging from 11.6%–33% (p = 0.002). Unrelenting postoperative dysesthetic leg pain due to DRG irritation was statistically associated with less favorable long-term clinical outcomes with DRG rates as high as 45 % in patients with a Fair and 61.3 % in patients with Poor Macnab outcomes (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Postoperative dysesthesia following transforaminal endoscopic decompression should be expected in one-fifth of patients. There was no predilection for any lumbar level. Foraminal stenosis and recurrent herniated disc surgery are risk factors for higher dysesthesia rates. There was a statistically significant variation of dysesthesia rates between participating centers suggesting that the surgeon skill level is of significance. Severe postoperative dysesthesia may be a predictor of Fair of Poor long-term Macnab outcomes.

Kai-Uwe Lewandrowskia et al. · 13/07/2020 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: Clinical Outcomes and Complications

Objetivo Avaliar os resultados clínicos e funcionais da discectomia endoscópica transforaminal lombar. Materiais e Métodos De agosto de 2015 a janeiro de 2017, 101 pacientes portadores de hérnia de disco lombar refratária ao tratamento clínico foram submetidos a discectomia endoscópica. Por meio de avaliação clínica pela Escala Visual Analógica e análise funcional pelo questionário Oswestry Disability Index, os pacientes foram analisados no período pré-operatório, no pós-operatório imediato, com 1 mês, 3 meses, 6 meses e 1 ano após a cirurgia. Resultados A média de idade dos participantes foi de 48.1 anos Os níveis discais mais acometidos foram L4-L5, seguidos de L5-S1. Um total de 29 pacientes foram abordados em 2 níveis discais. Após 1 mês de seguimento pós-operatório, a média das pontuações nos questionários (EVA e ODI) diminuiu significativamente (p < 0.001). Conclusão A discectomia endoscópica transforaminal lombar mostrou ser uma alternativa segura, eficaz e minimamente invasiva para o tratamento de hérnia de disco lombar. O procedimento possui vantagens, como curto período de internação hospitalar, cirurgia realizada sob anestesia local e sedação, retorno precoce às atividades diárias, e baixa taxa de complicações.

Leonardo Yukio Jorge Asano et al. · 28/02/2020 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Lumbar endoscopic discectomy in obese patients

Objetivo: A meta do estudo foi avaliar os resultados clínicos e funcionais da discectomia endoscópica lombar nos pacientes obesos. Métodos: Foram selecionados 56 pacientes portadores de hérnia de disco lombar refratário ao tratamento clínico submetidos à discectomia endoscópica. Através de avaliação clínica - pela Escala Visual Analógica - e funcional - pelo questionário de Oswestry Disability Index. Foram analisados 25 pacientes com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) maior ou igual de 30 kg/m2 e comparados com 31 pacientes do grupo controle (IMC entre 18,5 e 24,9 kg/m2). Esses dados foram obtidos no período pré-operatório, no pós-operatório imediato, com 1 mês, 3 meses, 6 meses e um ano após a cirurgia. Resultados: O IMC médio no grupo controle foi de 22,1 kg/m2 , e no grupo obeso de 33,6 kg/m2. Em ambos os grupos houve melhora estatisticamente significativa nas análises clínicas e funcionais. Não se observou diferença estatística entre os grupos. Conclusão: A discectomia endoscópica transforaminal lombar mostrou ser uma alternativa segura, efetiva e minimamente invasiva para o tratamento de hérnia de disco lombar em pacientes obesos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Retrospectivo, Comparativo.

Leonardo Yukio Jorge Asano et al. · 18/03/2019 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo