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Transient C5 Palsy After Full-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy

Introduction: Postoperative C5 paralysis is defined as new-onset and/or progressive muscle weakness with mild or no sensory disturbances occurring as a result of probable neuropraxia of the cervical root due to injury during surgery. Case Report: A 40-year-old female patient underwent endoscopic technique for treatment of cervical foraminal stenosis, level C4–C5. The procedure proceeded without incident in the intraoperative period. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient developed a motor deficit, Grade 2 muscle strength of the right deltoid muscle, and right C5 allodynia. Early and multidisciplinary treatment resulted in complete recovery of the neurological deficit and satisfactory evolution of the presented case. Discussion: Although postoperative C5 palsy is one of the most common postoperative complications after multilevel cervical decompression surgery, its exact mechanism remains poorly understood. Despite the various studies in this field and the possible causes described, there is still no absolute confirmation, so the formulation of hypotheses depends on clinical monitoring and postoperative examinations. The indicated treatment depends on the causal suspicion and pathophysiology and ranges from clinical drug therapy to physical therapies and/or rehabilitation. Conclusion: C5 paralysis after endoscopic surgery, although rare, is a potential complication. The likely pathophysiology is multifactorial: anatomic features of C5, manipulation of the root, and use of the bipolar in the foraminal region.

João Paulo Machado Bergamaschi et al. · 24/02/2025 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Radiographic Study of L5–S1 Transforaminal Endoscopic Access in a Sample from the Brazilian Population

Objetivo Avaliar radiografias da coluna lombar utilizando as classificações de Choi e Patgaonkar, e verificar parâmetros que possam influenciar o acesso transforaminal L5–S1. Materiais e Métodos Cento e sessenta e sete radiografias de coluna lombossacra de pacientes maiores de 18 anos, sem históricos de cirurgias, tumores, fraturas ou escoliose, foram estudadas. Aferiu-se a altura da crista ilíaca e o ângulo da borda do ilíaco. Os casos foram categorizados conforme morfologia pélvica, presença de megapófise e classificações de Choi e de Patgaonkar. Resultados Setenta e cinco casos exibiram pelve androide, e 92 ginecoide. A média da altura do ilíaco foi de 25,9  7,5 cm, e do ângulo de borda do ilíaco foi de 23,4  7,5 graus. A pelve ginecoide mostrou menor altura do ilíaco. Segundo a classificação de Patgaonkar, 63 casos indicaram acesso suprailíaco; pela classificação de Choi, 37 foram considerados aptos para acesso suprailíaco e 106 para acesso suprailíaco com foraminoplastia. Conclusão Pelves ginecoides tiveram menor altura do ilíaco. Além disso, 37,7% dos casos foram aptos para acesso suprailíaco pela classificação de Patgaonkar. De acordo com a classificação de Choi, 22,1% estavam aptos para o acesso suprailíaco e 63,4% foram considerados aptos para acesso suprailíaco com foraminoplastia.

Yoshinobu Nagasse et al. · 21/12/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Insights on High-Value Procedures From the ISASS 4-Part Webinar Series on Current and Emerging Techniques in Endoscopic Spine Surgery Based on Surgeon Experience

Background: The authors conducted a comprehensive review and integration of insights from 4 webinars hosted by the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery (ISASS) to arrive at recommendations for best clinical practices for guideline development for endoscopic spine surgery. This perspective article discusses the limitations of traditional surgical trials and amalgamates surgeons' experience and research on various cutting-edge techniques. Methods: Data were extracted from surveys conducted during each webinar session involving 3639 surgeons globally. The polytomous Rasch model was employed to analyze responses, ensuring a robust statistical assessment of surgeon endorsements and educational impacts and focusing on operative nuances and experience-based outcomes. Bias detection was performed using the differential item functioning test. Results: The ISASS webinars provided a dynamic platform for discussing advances in endoscopic spine surgery, identifying a range of high-value procedures from basic discectomies to complex lumbar interbody fusions. Each high-value endoscopic spine surgery was highlighted in separate peer-reviewed publications, which form the basis for this summary document that synthesizes key takeaways from these webinars. High-value clinical applications of endoscopic spine surgery, primarily defined as higher-intensity endorsement transformation from the pre- to postwebinar survey with a shift to higher mean logit locations of test items both with unbiased and orderly threshold progression, were: (a) Percutaneous interlaminar endoscopic decompression for lateral canal stenosis, (b) transforaminal debridement of low-grade degenerative spondylolisthesis, (c) transforaminal full-endoscopic interbody fusion for hard disc herniation, (d) endoscopic standalone lumbar interbody fusion, (e) endoscopic debridement of spondylolytic spondylolisthesis, and (f) posterior cervical foraminotomy for herniated disc and bony stenosis. Conclusions: The ISASS webinar series has significantly impacted surgeons' education and contributed to the identification of high-value endoscopic spine surgery practices that may serve as a cornerstone for surgeon training standards, policy, and guidelines development. Ongoing research on technological advancements and expansions of clinical indications combined with systematic review is expected to refine the recommendations on high-value endoscopic spinal surgeries recommended for enhanced reimbursement.

Kai-uwe Lewandrowski et al. · 20/11/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Polytomous Rasch Analyses of Surgeons’ Decision-Making on Choice of Procedure in Endoscopic Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Decompression Surgeries

Background: With the growing prevalence of lumbar spinal stenosis, endoscopic surgery, which incorporates techniques such as transforaminal, interlaminar, and unilateral biportal (UBE) endoscopy, is increasingly considered. However, the patient selection criteria are debated among spine surgeons. Objective: This study used a polytomous Rasch analysis to evaluate the factors influencing surgeon decision-making in selecting patients for endoscopic surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Methods: A comprehensive survey was distributed to a representative sample of 296 spine surgeons. Questions encompassed various patient-related and clinical factors, and responses were captured on a logit scale graphically displaying person-item maps and category probability curves for each test item. Using a Rasch analysis, the data were subsequently analyzed to determine the latent traits influencing decision-making. Results: The Rasch analysis revealed that surgeons' preferences for transforaminal, interlaminar, and UBE techniques were easily influenced by comfort level and experience with the endoscopic procedure and patient-related factors. Harder-to-agree items included technological aspects, favorable clinical outcomes, and postoperative functional recovery and rehabilitation. Descriptive statistics suggested interlaminar as the best endoscopic spinal stenosis decompression technique. However, logit person-item analysis integral to the Rasch methodology showed highest intensity for transforaminal followed by interlaminar endoscopic lumbar stenosis decompression. The UBE technique was the hardest to agree on with a disordered person-item analysis and thresholds in category probability curve plots. Conclusion: Surgeon decision-making in selecting patients for endoscopic surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis is multifaceted. While the framework of clinical guidelines remains paramount, on-the-ground experience-based factors significantly influence surgeons' selection of patients for endoscopic lumbar spinal stenosis surgeries. The Rasch methodology allows for a more granular psychometric evaluation of surgeon decision-making and accounts better for years-long experience that may be lost in standardized clinical guideline development. This new approach to assessing spine surgeons' thought processes may improve the implementation of evidence-based protocol change dictated by technological advances was endorsed by the Interamerican Society for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (SICCMI), the International Society for Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery (ISMISS), the Mexican Spine Society (AMCICO), the Brazilian Spine Society (SBC), the Society for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (SMISS), the Korean Minimally Invasive Spine Society (KOMISS), and the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery (ISASS).

Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski et al. · 06/05/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Comparative Analysis of Learning Curve, Complexity, Psychological Stress, and Work Relative Value Units for CPT 62380 Endoscopic Lumbar Spinal Decompression vs Traditional Lumbar Spine Surgeries: A Paired Rasch Survey Study

Background: Effective 1 January 2017, single-level endoscopic lumbar discectomy received a Category I Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 62380. However, no work relative value units (RVUs) are currently assigned to the procedure. An international team of endoscopic spine surgeons conducted a study, endorsed by several spine societies, analyzing the learning curve, difficulty, psychological intensity, and estimated work RVUs of endoscopic lumbar spinal decompression compared with other common lumbar spine surgeries. Methods: A survey comparing CPT 62380 to 10 other comparator CPT codes reflective of common spine surgeries was developed to assess the work RVUs in terms of learning curve, difficulty, psychological intensity, and work effort using a paired Rasch method. Results: The survey was sent to 542 spine specialists. Of 322 respondents, 150 completed the survey for a 43.1% completion rate. Rasch analysis of the submitted responses statistically corroborated common knowledge that the learning curve with lumbar endoscopic spinal surgery is steeper and more complex than with traditional translaminar lumbar decompression surgeries. It also showed that the psychological stress and mental and work effort with the lumbar endoscopic decompression surgery were perceived to be higher by responding spine surgeons compared with posterior comparator decompression and fusion surgeries and even posterior interbody and posterolateral fusion surgeries. The regression analysis of work effort vs procedural difficulty showed the real-world evaluation of the lumbar endoscopic decompression surgery described in CPT code 62380 with a calculated work RVU of 18.2464. Conclusion: The Rasch analysis suggested the valuation for the endoscopic lumbar decompression surgery should be higher than for standard lumbar surgeries: 111.1% of the laminectomy with exploration and/or decompression of spinal cord and/or cauda equina (CPT 63005), 118.71% of the laminectomy code (CPT 63047), which includes foraminotomy and facetectomy, 152.1% of the hemilaminectomy code (CPT 63030), and 259.55% of the interlaminar or interspinous process stabilization/distraction without decompression code (CPT 22869). This research methodology was endorsed by the Interamerican Society for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (SICCMI), the Mexican Society of Spinal Surgeons (AMCICO), the International Society For Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (ISMISS), the Brazilian Spine Society (SBC), the Society for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (SMISS), the Korean Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (KOMISS), and the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery (ISASS). Clinical Relevance: This study provides an updated reimbursement recommendation for endoscopic spine surgery

Kai-uwe Lewandrowski et al. · 06/05/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

A new era in spine surgery

We are excited to present this special edition of the Coluna/Columna Journal, dedicated exclusively to Spine Endoscopy. In recent years, significant advances in this field have revolutionized the treatment of various spinal pathologies. The endoscopic technique has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative, offering undeniable benefits to patients and opening new horizons for medical practice. Spine Endoscopy represents a paradigm shift in surgical approach. Procedures that once required large incisions and lengthy recovery times can now be performed through small access points, minimizing trauma to surrounding tissues. As a result, patients experience less postoperative pain, recover more quickly, and return to their daily activities sooner. The reduction in surgical complications, combined with shorter hospital stays, contributes to a more efficient recovery process for both patients and the healthcare system.2,3 These positive outcomes inspire us to further explore the technique’s potential and to overcome existing challenges. Another essential aspect of endoscopic surgery is its flexibility. This technique not only addresses degenerative spine conditions but also allows for personalized approaches tailored to the unique anatomical features of each patient and the complexities of individual cases.4 This special edition features a collection of unique case reports treated with endoscopic techniques, alongside crucial anatomical foundations for the safe practice of Spine Endoscopy. We believe that disseminating knowledge is vital for establishing Spine Endoscopy as a standard tool in the treatment of spinal diseases. We invite all readers to engage with this rich and inspiring content, with the hope that it will stimulate curiosity, research, and the adoption of practices that continually benefit patients. We are entering a new era in spinal surgery, marked by innovation and an unwavering commitment to excellence. May this pioneering spirit guide our journey, and together, let us build a promising future for Brazilian medicine.

João Paulo Machado Bergamaschi · 23/04/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Transpedicular endoscopic approach in high grade migrated hernia case report

As hérnias discais extrusas com alto grau de migração caudal representam um desafio cirúrgico devido à localização do fragmento extruso em uma área de difícil acesso, conhecida como “zona oculta”. As abordagens endoscópicas tradicionais, como as vias interlaminar e transforaminal, podem ser difíceis nesses casos. Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de abordagem endoscópica transpedicular no tratamento de uma hérnia discal extrusa com migração caudal de alto grau (zona 4 de Lee). Apresentamos um paciente masculino de 52 anos com dor intensa irradiada para o membro inferior direito e déficit motor. Após falha no tratamento conservador, foi realizada uma discectomia endoscópica transpedicular em L4-L5. O procedimento foi concluído com sucesso, sem complicações, resultando em alívio imediato da dor e recuperação funcional significativa, mantida durante 24 meses de seguimento. Este caso demonstra que a abordagem endoscópica transpedicular pode ser uma alternativa eficaz e segura para o tratamento de hérnias discais extrusas com alta migração caudal, desde que realizada por cirurgiões experientes e com planejamento adequado. Nível de Evidência IV; Relato de Caso.

Daniel de Abreu Oliveira et al. · 11/04/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Transiliac endoscopic access for transforaminal approach at l5 s1 cases report

A cirurgia endoscópica é eficaz no tratamento de patologias foraminais da coluna vertebral, porém o acesso transforaminal em L5-S1 pode ser desafiador em pacientes com crista ilíaca alta, que dificulta ou impede o acesso suprailíaco. Neste contexto, o acesso transilíaco surge como alternativa viável. Relatamos dois casos de pacientes com hérnia discal foraminal/extraforaminal em L5-S1 e crista ilíaca alta, submetidos à discectomia endoscópica transilíaca. Ambos apresentaram melhora significativa na intensidade da dor e na incapacidade funcional, sem complicações ou queixas adicionais relacionadas à perfuração do ilíaco. Os resultados sugerem que a abordagem endoscópica transilíaca é uma opção segura e eficaz para o tratamento de patologias foraminais e extraforaminais em L5-S1 em pacientes com crista ilíaca alta. Estudos adicionais com maior número de casos são necessários para confirmar estes achados e estabelecer diretrizes para sua aplicação. Nível de Evidência IV; Relato de Caso

Rangel Roberto de Assis et al. · 11/04/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo

Intervertebral foramen anatomy of the lumbar spine an overview

Nas últimas décadas, as cirurgias endoscópicas minimamente invasivas da coluna vertebral avançaram significativamente, permitindo intervenções eficazes com menor trauma ao paciente. A abordagem transforaminal lombar, que utiliza o triângulo de Kambin como referência anatômica, destaca-se pela sua relevância clínica. Este artigo revisa a anatomia do forame intervertebral lombar, enfatizando variações anatômicas cruciais para a segurança e eficácia da abordagem transforaminal em cirurgias endoscópicas da coluna. O conhecimento detalhado da anatomia foraminal e das estruturas adjacentes é essencial para o planejamento cirúrgico, permitindo acesso seguro e minimizando complicações neurológicas. Nível de Evidência IV; Relato de Caso.

João Paulo Machado Bergamaschi et al. · 11/04/2024 Clique para ver a prévia do artigo